物+介詞+which ；   人+ 介詞 + whom

　　當關系代詞前使用介詞時：

　　e.g.  1. This is the train by which we went to Beijing.

　　2. This is the teacher to whom my mother is talking.

　　3

　　狀語從句

　　一、定義

　　在復合句中由從句表示的狀語稱作狀語從句，它可以用來修飾謂語（包括非謂語動詞）、定語或狀語，或是整個句子。

　　二、狀語從句一般分為八大類

　　時間狀語從句   地點狀語從句

　　原因狀語從句   目的狀語從句

　　結果狀語從句   條件狀語從句

　　方式狀語從句   讓步狀語從句

　　1. 時間狀語從句

　　When  ---當……時候， 通常指某一特定的時間點，主句與從句的動作同時發生。

　　When I opened the window， I saw him come up.

　　When --- 正在……的時候，突然…。通常主句是進行時或     be about to 時，在翻譯的時候，when 可以譯成沒想到或突然。

　　I was walking along the street ， when I met him.

　　When 當從句是進行時，主句是一般時，往往表示不滿。

　　Someone knocked at the door when I was having breakfast.

　　When=after

　　When the children had gone to bed， she began to prepare her lessons.

　　While ---在……期間，往往指一段時間。

　　While we were inAmerica， we saw him twice.

　　While ---表示一種不滿情緒，意思是這邊在干某種重要的事，而另一邊在享受等。

　　We are cleaning the classroom while they are playing the football.

　　As --- 一邊……一邊， 隨著

　　She was doing her homework as she was listening to the music.

　　As --- 當……時，指一個動作緊接著一個動作發生，從句通常用進行時。

　　As I was going out， it began to rain.

　　The moment --- 一……就…… =as soon as ， immediately，

　　---Did you remember to give Mary the money you owed her？

　　---Yes， I gave her the moment I saw her.

　　Not… until --- 直到……才

　　He didn’t leave the office until he finished the work.

　　Before --- 在……之前

　　The passengers should arrive at the airport an hour before the flight departs.

　　After ---在…… 之后

　　The customer left the ticket counter after he had a quarrel with the ticket agent.

　　Since ---自從……， 通常主句用現在完成時

　　I have never been there again since I graduated from the university.

　　It is just a week since we arrived here.

　　As soon as --- 一……就……

　　Jack went to school as soon as he got well.

　　No sooner than --- 一……就……

　　no sooner… than… 用于句首要求倒裝

　　Hardly …when…

　　Scarcely …when…

　　No sooner had he arrived than he went away again.

　　Once  --- 一但……就……

　　Once you see him， you will never forget him.

　　Every time， each time 每次whenever 每當

　　Each time he came to town， he would visit our school.

　　2. 條件狀語從句

　　引導狀語從句的連接詞有：

　　If如果， unless除非， as long as只要， As (so) far as --- 據……所知，in case萬一， provided that假如， on condition that若是，以…為條件

　　If ---如果

　　If you don’t hurry up， you will miss the plane.

　　Unless --- 如果不， 除非=if not

　　We can’t get there on time unless we book the earliest flight

　　As long as --- 只要

　　We will succeed as long as we keep on trying.

　　As (so) far as --- 據……所知

　　As far as I know， he speaks English very well.

　　In case --- 假使， 如果

　　The plane cannot take off in case it rains.

　　Provided that 如果，有時省略 that

　　The plane will be in good condition provided that it is taken care of carefully.

　　On condition that --- 條件是…

　　He said that he would come to the meeting on condition that no one asked him to speak.

　　注：主從句的動作發生在將來時，則主句用將來時， 從句用一般現在時。

　　If he arrives tomorrow， I will be waiting for him at the airport.

　　3. 地點狀語從句

　　地點狀語從句只有兩個連詞： Where， wherever

　　Where --- 在……地方

　　Where there is a will， there is a way.

　　Wherever --- 無論哪里

　　Wherever you are， I will be right there waiting for you.

　　4. 原因狀語從句

　　because， as， since， now that， 和considering that， seeing that 這六個連詞都用于表示表示原因， 但在語氣上一個比一個弱.

　　Because --- 因為，通常從句放在主句后.

　　Mr Smith was very upset because he couldn’t find his luggage.

　　As --- 因為， 通常放在句首

　　As he is honest and modest， all his friends like him.

　　Since ---既然  因語氣較弱， 常譯為既然(眾所周知的原因)

　　Since everybody has come， we can set off.

　　Now that --- 既然

　　Now that you are here， you can join us.

　　considering that --- 顧及到

　　Considering that they are just beginners， they are doing quite a good job.

　　seeing that --- 由于

　　Seeing (that) quite a few people were absent， we decided to put the meeting off.

　　5. 結果狀語從句

　　引導結果狀語從句的連詞有：that， so that， so…that…

　　such…that  So… that --- 太……以至于 so 后面應用形容詞或副詞， 有時省略so只用that

　　Boeing 747 is so large that people like to call it jet bomb噴氣炸彈.

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