現在完成時

標志：have / has + 動詞的過去分詞

1. 表示一個過去發生并已完成的動作對現在產生影響或結果，強調的是現在的狀況(表示“已完成”)。如：

He has left the city. (結果：他目前不在這個城市)

Someone has broken the window. (結果：窗戶破了)

2. 表示一個動作開始于過去，持續到現在，也可能還會繼續持續下去(表示“未完成”)。

I have been busy since last week.

He has taught in our school for 30 years.

I’ve finished half so far.

注意 瞬間動詞通常是不能用現在完成時表持續性的，但其否定結構則可以。如：

She hasn’t seen you for ages.

His father hasn’t touched beer for a whole week.

3. 表示過去到現在為止反復發生的動作或多次出現的狀態，常與表示頻度的副詞always, often, every day等連用。如：

I have often heard that he is the cleverest person in that company.

4. 在時間和條件狀語從句中，現在完成時表示將來某時完成的動作。如：

I’ll go to your home when I have finished my homework.

If it has stopped snowing in the morning, we’ll go the park.

5. 與現在完成時連用的常見詞語

能與現在完成時連用的詞語很多，just, already, yet, before, never, ever, recently等，但常見的有：

1) since 自從

I have been there many times since the war.

We haven’t seen each other since last week.

We have been friends ever since.

2) in / for / during the past/last … years 在過去/最近…中

I’ve been ill for the past three weeks.

Great changes have take place in the last ten years.

I have been here (for) the last/past month.

3) so far 到目前為止

We haven’t had any trouble so far.

So far the search for the missing middle-aged woman has been fruitless.

4) up to/until now 到現在為止

Up to now he’s been quiet.

Up to now, the work has been easy.

I have heard nothing from him up till now.

Up till now we have planted over 2000 trees.

5) It is/will be the first/second … time that … 這是第一/二…次…

It’s the first time (that) I’ve been here.

It will be the first time (that) I’ve spoken in public.

It is the second time (that) I have met him today.

6) This is + 形容詞最高級 + that … 這是最…

This is the best film that I’ve (ever) seen.

6. 現在完成時與一般過去時的區別

1) 現在完成時強調對現在的影響和結果，與現在有聯系;

而一般過去時強調這個動作發生的時間是在過去，不涉及對現在的影響。如：

I have seen this film. (我已經看過了這部電影)

I saw this film yesterday. (我是昨天看的這部電影)

2) 現在完成時常與模糊的時間狀語連用(如for, since, so far, ever, never, just, yet, till/until, up to now, always等)，或者干脆沒有時間狀語;

而一般過去時常與具體的時間狀語連用(如yesterday, last night, …ago, in 1980, in February等)。

3) 現在完成時表示持續時一般使用延續性動詞(如live, teach, work, know等);

而一般過去時常使用瞬間動詞(如begin, buy, die, marry等)。如：

He has lived in Hangzhou since last spring.

My grandfather bought the car five years ago.

7. 易錯點辨析

1) 考生容易把一些瞬間動詞用現在完成時表達，這是錯誤的。如：

(×) He has died for two years. 他死了兩年了。

(√) He has been dead for two years.

(√) He died two years ago.

(×) The film has begun for 10 minutes. 電影開演十分鐘了。

(√) The film has been on for 10 minutes.

(√) The film began 10 minutes ago.

(×) She has married for three years. 她結婚有三年了。

(√) She has been married for three years.

(√) She married Mike three years ago.

2) 考生不懂如何區分have been to和have gone to，盡管兩者均可后接地點，但have been to表示去過某地(現在已經回來了)，have gone to表示到某地去了(現在還沒回來)。如：

She has been to Paris (three times).

She has gone to Paris.

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