過去完成時的判斷依據

1.由時間狀語來判定

一般說來，各種時態都有特定的時間狀語。與過去完成時連用的時間狀語有：

( 1 ) by +過去的時間點。如：

I had finished reading the novel by nine o'clock last night.

( 2 ) by the end of +過去的時間點。如：

We had learned over two thousand English words by the end of last term.

( 3 ) before +過去的時間點。如：

They had planted six hundred trees before last Wednesday.

2.由“過去的過去”來判定。 過去完成時表示“過去的過去”，是指過去某一動作之前已經發生或完成的動作，即動作有先后關系，動作在前的用過去完成時，在后的用一般過去時。這種用法常出現在：

( 1 )賓語從句中，當賓語從句的主句為一般過去時，且從句的動作先于主句的動作時，從句要用過去完成時。在told, said, knew, heard, thought等動詞后的賓語從句。

如：She said that she had seen the film before.

( 2 )狀語從句中，在時間、條件、原因、方式等狀語從句中，主、從句的動作發生有先后關系，動作在前的，要用過去完成時，動作在后的要用一般過去時。

如：When I got to the station, the train had already left. After he had finished his homework, he went to bed.

注意：before, after，as soon as引導的時間狀語從句中，由于before和after本身已表達了動作的先后關系，若主、從句表示的動作緊密相連，則主、從句都用一般過去時。如：

Where did you study before you came here?

After he closed the door, he left the classroom.

(3)表示意向的動詞，如hope, wish, expect, think, intend, mean, suppose等，用過去完成時表示"原本…，未能…"

We had hoped that you would come, but you didn't. 3.根據上、下文來判定。

I met Wang Tao in the street yesterday. We hadn't seen each other since he went to Beijing.

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